Poor results after surgery for rectovaginal endometriosis can be related to uterine adenomyosis.

terms, which capture the difference in effect of exposure in the affected region compared with the unaffected region, for each month of exposure. We see that for the ‘All births’ sample, births exposed in month 3 of gestation have significantly lower gestational age in the affected than in the unaffected region (difference: 20.228 weeks, P 1⁄4 0.022). When we compare these findings by sex of the pregnancy, we find a substantial decline in weeks of gestation for female pregnancies exposed to the earthquake in Month 3 and 2—the decline in weeks of gestation is, respectively, 0.234 and 0.265 weeks. These effects are significant at the P, 0.081 and P, 0.068 levels, respectively. Even if this effect does not reach a conventional P, 0.05 level, it is a relevant population-level effect. In fact, it is conventional in economics and other social sciences to use the P, 0.10 level to report statistical significance (these cut-points are, of course, just useful conventions. There is nothing essential about a P, 0.05 or a P, 0.10 threshold). As in Torche and Kleinhaus (2012), the effect is much weaker for males (the strongest effect is significant only at the P, 0.13 level). In sum, the main findings for the effect of earthquake exposure on gestational age reported in Torche and Kleinhaus (2012) remain. Earthquake exposure early in the pregnancy has a negative effect on gestational age. This effect is sex specific; it is much stronger for female pregnancies. This effect is relevant because natural disasters, as well as other sources of acute stress are, unfortunately, prevalent around the world, and they may affect individual outcomes even if exposure occurs before birth. We appreciate the opportunity to further test these findings and to contribute to an important methodological discussion.